Chemical Bonds
WikiMechanics portrays molecules as compound atoms that are held together by chemical bonds. The bonds that we consider here are defined from pairs of electrons. We intend to treat these bonds as countable entities, as for example in or . So we need to follow some rules of logic and mathematics. Specifically, by Pauli's exclusion principle we cannot have two identical electrons in the same set. So we need to distinguish electrons from each other. And, in molecules with more than one bond, we need to distinguish bonds from each other too. We traditionally meet this requirement by saying that different bonds and electrons are distinct from each other because they are in different places. But, by the premise of WikiMechanics, we cannot satisfy Pauli's exclusion principle by resorting to a spatial explanation. And also we cannot use any visual sensation to make the distinction either, because the visual sensations used to define dynamic seeds have already been constrained, and obviated, by earlier hypotheses. So instead, we differentiate them by association with different taste sensations. To satisfy Pauli's exclusion principle, electrons $\, \sf{e^{–}}$ are distinguished from each other by their union with various chemical quarks such as , or . We use the letter $\mathbb{B}$ to identify specific bonds in the following discussion. Each bond is characterized by $D_{\! \large{\circ}}$ a bond dissociation energy that depends on the enthalpy $H$ and internal energy $U$ as

\begin{align} D^{ \mathbb{B} }_{\! \large{\circ}} \equiv H^{ \mathbb{B} } -N H^{ \sf{e^{–}} } = \sum_{ \sf{q} \in \mathbb{B}} \Delta n^{\sf{q}} U^{\sf{q}} \end{align}

where $n$ is the coefficient of quark $\sf{q}$, and $N$ is the number of electrons in the bond. Values for $D_{\! \large{\circ}}$ refer to the gaseous state, and are given at 0 (K). Experimental observations are taken from these reports.1,2,3,4 See the summary of bond strength data for more detail about calculations.

## Line Bonds

Let us start by associating an acidic quark with one of the electrons in a covalent bonding pair. This simple arrangement is called $\mathbb{B}\small{\sf{(golden \ line) }}$. It is the first example of a line bond formed predominantly from acidic quarks.

$\large{\mathbb{B}}\small{ \sf{(golden \ line) }} \equiv \, \,${ {e, }, e }

Line bonds are usually indicated using a short line segment like this. For example, in the chemical structure diagram for $\mathrm{Au}_{\sf{2}} \,$, a diatomic gold molecule, the bond is represented as Au–Au. This is the only bond that we consider to be defined by just one quark. The archetype of all line bonds involves two acidic quarks like this

$\large{\mathbb{B}}\small{ \sf{( line) }} \equiv \, \,${ {e, }, e , }

This arrangement accurately represents the bond in H–Cl, a strong acid. We cannot add any more acidic quarks to a pair of electrons without violating Pauli's exclusion principal. But we can include other quarks to define other bonds as shown in the table below, they are generically called linen bonds. Stereochemical quarks are about a hundred times smaller than electrochemical quarks, so they can be sprinkled-in without altering the essentially acidic character of the bond. We can also include another pair of electrons to define double line-bonds such as

$\large{\mathbb{B}}\small{ \sf{( double \ line) }} \equiv \, \,${ {e, }, {e, } , {e, }, {e, , } }

This set correctly describes the bond strength in sulfur dimers, S=S. And here is a list of some other line bonds.

## Hash Bonds

Next we consider distinguishing electrons by association with basic quarks. Ligatures dominated by basic quarks are called hash bonds, they may be shown using this symbol . The leading example of a hash bond is

$\large{\mathbb{B}}\small{ \sf{( hash) }} \equiv \, \,${ {e, }, e , }

This set of quarks and electrons accurately represents the bond in sodium hydroxide, NaOH, also known as lye or caustic soda. No additional basic-quarks can be included without violating Pauli's exclusion principle. But we can add other sorts of quarks to make similar linkages called hashed bonds. We can also include another pair of electrons to define double hash-bonds such as

$\large{\mathbb{B}}\small{ \sf{( double \ hash) }} \equiv \, \,${ {e, }, {e, , } , {e, , }, {e, }}

The strength of the double-bond in carbon dioxide, O=CO, is correctly represented by this arrangement. And here is a list of some other hash bonds.

## Wedge Bonds

Next we distinguish electrons by associating them with cationic quarks. Bonds that are dominated by cationic quarks are called wedge bonds, they are often indicated by this symbol . The archetypal wedge bond is

$\large{\mathbb{B}}\small{ \sf{( wedge) }} \equiv \, \,${ {e, }, e , }

This mix of quarks and electrons correctly represents the bond in sodium chloride, NaCl, commonly known as table salt. No further cationic-quarks can be added without violating Pauli's principle. But we may include other sorts of quarks, mostly small stereochemical quarks, to make similar sets generically called wedgie bonds. The most important variation adds an acidic quark to make

$\large{\mathbb{B}}\small{ \sf{( golden \ wedge) }} \equiv \, \,${ {e, , } , {e, , }, }

This bond accurately represents the link between hydrogen atoms in a diatomic hydrogen gas molecule, $\mathrm{H}_{\sf{2}} \,$. We can also include two more pairs of electrons to define triple wedge-bonds such as

$\large{\mathbb{B}}\small{ \sf{( triple \ wedge) }} \equiv \, \,${ {e, }, {e, , } , {e, , }, {e, }, {e, }, e }

The strength of the triple-bond in carbon monoxide, C≡O, is correctly represented by this arrangement. And here is a list of some other wedge bonds.

## Wet Bonds

Next we distinguish electrons by associating them with anionic quarks. Bonds that are dominated by anionic quarks are called wet bonds. We often use this symbol for both wet and wedge bonds. The exemplary wet bond is

$\large{\mathbb{B}}\small{ \sf{( wet) }} \equiv \, \,${ {e, }, e , }

This mix of quarks and electrons correctly represents a bond in water, $\mathrm{H}_{\sf{2}} \mathrm{O} \,$. No further anionic-quarks can be added without violating Pauli's exclusion principle. But we may include other sorts of quarks, mostly small stereochemical quarks, to make similar sets generically called wetter bonds. We may also include another pair of electrons to define double wet-bonds such as

$\large{\mathbb{B}}\small{ \sf{( double \ wet) }} \equiv \, \,${ {e, }, {e, , } , {e, }, e }

This bond accurately represents the link between oxygen atoms in the important diatomic gas molecule $\mathrm{O}_{\sf{2}} \,$. We can also add yet another pair of electrons to define triple wet-bonds such as

$\large{\mathbb{B}}\small{ \sf{( triple \ wet) }} \equiv \, \,${ {e, }, {e, , } , {e, , }, {e, }, {e, }, e, } }

The strength of the triple-bond in a molecule of nitrogen gas, N≡N, is correctly represented by this arrangement. And here are some other wet bonds.

Stereochemical quarks have about 1% of the internal-energy of other chemical quarks, but nonetheless, they still play an important logical role by distinguishing between similar bonds. For example consider this wet double-bond

$\large{\mathbb{B}}\small{ \sf{(double \ wetwedge ) }} \equiv \, \,${ {e, }, {e, } , {e, }, {e, }, }

which accurately describes the strength of the double-bond in diazine, HN=NH. If we imagine that each single-bond of the pair is formed from one wet-quark and one stereochemical-quark, then there are two distinct possibilities. They can be written as

$\large{\mathbb{B}}\small{ \sf{(double \ wetwedge \ 1) }} \equiv \, \,${ {{e, }, {e, }} , {{e, } , {e, }} }

$\large{\mathbb{B}}\small{ \sf{(double \ wetwedge \ 2) }} \equiv \, \,${ {{e, }, {e, }} , {{e, } , {e, }} }

Both of these bonds contain the same quarks, but they are still logically different from each other. And in the laboratory, chemists do indeed find two different forms of diazine

 and cis-diazene trans-diazene

The variation in stereochemical quarks is thus associated with geometric isomerism. This points again, to the relationship between chemical-bonds and space, that was mentioned in the first paragraph above. The three bond-types $\mathbb{B}\small{\sf{(line) }}$, $\mathbb{B}\small{\sf{(hash) }}$ and $\mathbb{B}\small{\sf{(wedge) }}$ are defined from distinct classes of sensation, which may vary independently from each other. So, in an upcoming article, we use these bonds to define a three-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system for making space-time descriptions of molecules. And after that, we can stop worrying about Pauli's principle.

 Next step: hydrogen.
page revision: 377, last edited: 13 Mar 2018 01:07